A portion of Na+ reabsorption in the late portion of the proximal tubule is passive through the paracellular pathway. What is the primary driving force for this passive reabsorption of Na+?
A. a lower luminal than peritubular hydrostatic pressure
B. a higher luminal than peritubular [Na+]
C. a lumen-positive transepithelial voltage
D. a lower interstitial fluid than luminal fluid oncotic pressure
ANS: C
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