What is chemical bonding? Explain the differences between covalent and ionic bonding
What will be an ideal response?
Atoms react if they need electrons to complete their outer orbitals. Covalent bonding results from sharing of electrons between two atoms, whereas ionic bonding results when one atom transfers electrons to the other atom.
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In mammalian defenses against invading pathogens, all of these are considered nonspecific defense mechanisms EXCEPT
A. acquired immunity. B. the skin. C. mucous membranes. D. the inflammatory response. E. antimicrobial proteins (e.g., interferon).
A calcareous structure associated with sensory receptors are: a. Ampullae of Lorenzini
b. otoliths. c. neuromasts. d. maculae.
Rosalind Franklin used which techniques to
determine many of the physical characteristics of DNA?
a. scanning electron microscopy b. transmission electron microscopy c. recombinant DNA techniques d. X-ray crystallography e. DNA profiling
The letter C indicates a ____
a. primary producer b. primary consumer c. second-level consumer d. third-level consumer e. fourth-level consumer