Mesoderm gives rise to all of the following
except
a. the muscular system.
b. the circulatory system.
c. the reproductive system.
d. the nervous system.
e. the excretory system.
D
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Macrophage migration-inhibiting factor is a(n) _____________ that keeps macrophages in the local area of infection and inflammation.
Resistance of some animals to certain viral diseases is based on
A. lack of spikes for attachment. B. phagocytosis of the virus by the host cell. C. the presence of the viral envelope. D. lack of specific receptors on the host cell.
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
A. Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive. B. Species produce more offspring than the environment can support. C. Individuals whose characteristics are best suited to the environment generally leave more offspring than those whose characteristics are less well suited. D. There is heritable variation among individuals. E. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
Alterations in the ratio of CD4:CD8 lymphocytes are associated with risk of HIV infection progressing to AIDS, of autoimmune diseases, and of progression of some cancers
In searching for predictors of these effects in normal individuals, researchers have found two independent QTLs in the region of the genome known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one in a region regulating CD8 and the other in a region regulating CD4. What does this indicate for the general population? A) Mutation in one or both of these genes causes HIV and AIDS. B) Autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes are caused by one of these genes. C) Variation in linkage disequilibrium with one or both of these mutations may increase the risk of autoimmune disease. D) Only one mutation can be the cause of rheumatoid arthritis. E) The probability of an autoimmune disease demonstrates that additive genes are involved.