According to the predictions of the expectancy theory of work, the lowest levels of motivation should result when
a. any single component is zero.
b. instrumentality and valence have low probabilities, and expectancy has a high probability.
c. instrumentality, valence, and expectancy all have low probabilities.
d. instrumentality, valence, and expectancy all have high probabilities.
Answer: a. any single component is zero.
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