Many chronic infections are caused by microbes that associate in communities termed ________.
A. virions
B. sediments
C. microbiota
D. biofilms
Answer: D
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Which microscope is especially useful in studying the surface structures of intact cells and viruses?
a) Transmission electron microscope b) Scanning electron microscope c) Phase-contrast microscope d) Darkfield microscope
Pathogens may be attenuated for use in vaccines by
A) raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. B) genetic manipulation. C) treatment with formaldehyde. D) genetic manipulation coupled with treatment with formaldehyde. E) genetic manipulation and/or raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells.
All of the following animals use echolocation to locate objects except
A. whales. B. cats. C. shrews. D. bats. E. dolphins.
When vaccines do not provide lifelong immunity, (adjuvants/ boosters/subunits) must be given to maintain protection
What will be an ideal response?