Billy has been serving in a noncombat position in the army for two years and has just been informed that he is leaving on a combat mission tomorrow. Billy is feeling very stressed. How has his endocrine system responded to this bad news? Which hormones are involved, and what effects do they have?
What will be an ideal response?
Increased cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex is stimulated via corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Cortisol generally has catabolic effects, to protect against hypoglycemia. These effects include gluconeogenesis in the liver, breakdown of skeletal muscle proteins, enhanced lipolysis,
immune suppression, and bone loss. Additionally, this discouraging news may be accompanied by a fight-or-flight
reaction, in which increased sympathetic activity will result in increased heart and respiratory rates, increased
perfusion of skeletal musculature, and decreased digestive activity.
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The ductus venosus is a fetal vessel that transports blood from the umbilical vein to the
A. inferior vena cava. B. superior vena cava. C. aorta. D. umbilical artery.
Answer the following questions true (T) or false (F)
1. Terminal bronchioles, part of the conducting zone, give rise to respiratory bronchioles, which are part of the respiratory zone. 2. Most inspired particles, such as dust, fail to reach the lungs because of the ciliated mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory structures. 3. The lungs are held to the thorax wall by the smooth muscles of the lungs.
List the purposes of using an endotracheal tube during general anesthesia
What will be an ideal response?
Calcification or “hardening” of the arteries is called:
a. atherosclerosis b. arteriosclerosis c. myocardial infarction d. hypertension