According to Cole and Smith, which of the following is not an explanation for the racial and ethnic disparities that exist within the criminal justice system?
a. Minorities commit more crimes
b. The criminal justice system is racist.
c. America is a racist society.
d. None of these. All of the above can explain the disparities.
d
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Sampson and Laub’s theory of cumulative disadvantage:
a. suggests that attachments develop in response to key life events like getting married and having kids. b. claims that labeling can limit opportunities for employment and interpersonal relationships and that this creates a situation in which the offender is free to commit more crime because there is little to lose. c. argues that chronic offenders are often abused as children and grow up in criminogenic environments. d. identifies two types of offenders: adolescent-limited and life course persistent. e. proposes that poverty-stricken communities suffer from social disorganization and this causes a higher percentage of the residents to become serious criminals.
_________ law forms the basis for much of modern statutory law
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Brady material consists of any exculpatory material that the prosecutor has and must be turned over to the defense prior to trial.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
The level of proof required in criminal cases is proof beyond a _____doubt
a. rational b. shadow of a c. specific d. reasonable