Summarize how Leak and Christopher interpret the id, ego, and superego within the evolutionary framework
What will be an ideal response?
Leak and Christopher suggest that the ego (consciousness) is the behavioral management system for which the id and superego provide motivation. There are two types of motivation: Selfish and group-relevant; both have had adaptive value for the species. The id reflects adaptation to the nonsocial environment, where competition for resources is intense and individualistic; the superego represents tendencies that evolved in response to selection pressures that developed when our ancestors took up group living.
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If you hold a pen between your teeth, what will you probably do? a. You will regard cartoons as funnier than usual
b. You will recognize emotional expressions more accurately than usual. c. You will show a greater startle response than usual to loud noises. d. You will consider most people's faces as more attractive than usual.
A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion is referred to as a ____
a. ?display rule b. ?normative action c. ?conformative law d. ?controlled expression
Messages carried by large, fast nerve fibers can prevent the slower, "reminding system" pain from reaching the brain by
a. closing the spinal gate directly. b. passing through the pain gate and on to a central biasing system. c. inhibiting the production of endorphins. d. causing rapid sensory adaptation.
Retroactive interference of long-term memory means __________
a. new material interferes with memory of old material b. new material has suppressed short-term memories c. old material interferes with memory of new material d. old material has eliminated memories of new material