Of the various types of specimens collected to diagnose respiratory infections, which one is acceptable for the detection of anaerobic agents?
a. Tracheostomy aspirates
b. Bronchial washings
c. Gastric aspirates
d. Transtracheal aspirates (TTA)
D
Percutaneous TTA, obtained by inserting a small plastic catheter into the trachea via a needle previously inserted through the skin, reduces the likelihood that a specimen will be contaminated by upper respiratory tract flora. Anaerobes associated with aspiration pneumonia are better iso-lated from TTA specimens.
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Purple sulfur bacteria are
A) alphaproteobacteria that oxidize hydrogen sulfide in the presence of oxygen or nitrate. B) gammaproteobacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor for photosynthesis. C) a phylogenetically heterogeneous group of microbes that reduce sulfate to sulfur. D) thermophilic bacteria that reduce elemental sulfur to sulfide.
Which excitatory neurotransmitter is responsible for muscle contraction in vertebrates?
A. dopamine B. norepinephrine C. nitrous oxide D. glutamate E. acetylcholine
Excreting ammonia directly into the environment (select all correct choices):
A. is energetically inexpensive. B. requires high volumes of water. C. is energetically expensive. D. requires little water. E. converts it into a less toxic form.
Fossil evidence indicates that ____ were common among ancient land plants
a. fungal infections b. endomycorrhizae c. lichens d. haustoria e. ectomycorrhizae