The Iman Jum'ehs are
a. prayer leaders at Iran's main city mosques.
b. the heads of Iran's main religious endowments.
c. the members of the Expediency Council.
d. the directors of Iran's large public organizations like the Iranian Oil Company.
e. the military heads of the pasdaran.
a
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Those legislative attempts to regulate lobbying prior to the enactment of the 1991 "Ethics Bill" were particularly weak because
a. they were almost certainly unconstitutional. b. they covered only the most costly forms of lobbying. c. there was no agency charged with enforcing them. d. they pertained only to public interest groups. e. they regulated only spending for entertainment.
Patronage power is
A) the power to hand out jobs and benefits upon election and while in office. B) the power to develop a strong business base. C) the power to maintain the needs of all the people at the same time. D) the power of the people to elect officials. E) the power of the people to use their voice to enact change.
Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao differed from earlier Chinese leaders like Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping in that
a. Jiang and Hu rose through the ranks of the bureaucracy as experts in their field rather than because of their ideological fervor. b. Jiang and Hu had no military experience, unlike Mao and Deng who were both generals. c. Jiang and Hu were businessmen before entering power, while Mao and Deng seized power in a revolution. d. Jiang and Hu rose through the military ranks to attain power, whereas Mao and Deng held power because of their ideological fervor. e. all four of China's leaders have been first and foremost communist ideologues and philosophers.
Regulations are not always effective, but without any regulations, the cost of producing certain chemicals, for example, is borne by the workers who suffer diseases, ailments, or death; these are called __________
a. "regulation insurance" b. negative externalities c. the commons d. high-cost pollution