Describe peer groups during adolescence.
What will be an ideal response?
Answers will vary. Most adolescents belong to one or more peer groups: cliques and crowds (Brown, 2013). Cliques consist of five to ten individuals who hang around together, sharing activities and confidences. Crowds are larger groups who may or may not spend much time together and are identified by their activities or attitudes. Crowds are usually given labels by other adolescents-"jocks," "brains," "druggies," or "nerds." The most negatively labeled groups ("druggies," "rejects") show higher levels of alcohol and drug abuse, delinquency, and depression.Adolescent peer groups function with less adult guidance or control than childhood peer groups (Staff et al., 2004).Adolescent peer groups may include members of the other gender, sharply contrasting with the gender segregation of childhood peer groups. Such associations may lead to dating and romantic relationships.
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Research suggests that brain activity preparing for a movement starts before the conscious decision to make the movement. Which uncertainty is a possible problem with this research?
a. How accurately researchers can measure the time when brain activity starts b. How accurately people can report the time of a voluntary decision c. How accurately researchers can measure the time when the movement itself starts d. How much the results vary between the left hand and the right hand
Recent research on the individual psychology concept of the need to belong found that the following may occur when belongingness is threatened:
a. increased attention to social events and processes b. decreased attention to social events and processes c. negative emotional and behavioral reactions d. both a and c
Bergstrom and Neighbors (2006) found that people who binge eat most often do so for which reason? a. They like the taste of the food
b. They feel hungry all of the time. c. They feel compelled to keep eating without thought. d. They use food to counteract depression.
Depressant drugs like barbiturates and benzodiazepines influence which neurotransmitter system?
a. endorphin b. dopamine c. GABA d. serotonin