Explain the necessity of producing a new vaccine for each year's flu season
What will be an ideal response?
Because the genome of influenzavirus is capable of extraordinary reassortment and genetic variation, new strains of the virus constantly arise. Various strains of influenzavirus pass through a variety of animal hosts (most notably pigs, birds, and humans), resulting in the production of new combinations of genome segments. The outcome of all the genetic rearrangement is either antigenic drift, a phenomenon in which the HA and NA glycoproteins of the virus undergo minor genetic changes, or antigenic shift, in which major antigenic changes occur in the glycoproteins, resulting in virtually brand-new strains of the virus. Therefore, because the virus is undergoing constant antigenic change, U.S. health officials monitor the worldwide incidence of flu, making note of which strains seem likely to occur in the next flu season, and making adjustments to the flu vaccine accordingly.
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
Section: Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System
Learning Outcome: 22.23
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A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observations and experiments, is referred to as a(n) ________.
A. hypothesis B. theory C. fact D. idea
Echinoderms exhibit modified ____ symmetry
a. asymmetric b. bilateral c. radial d. triradial
The differentiation of the sex of an embryo
A. occurs about month 4 of fetal development. B. is determined by the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome and its genes. C. occurs at conception. D. is highly variable from one embryo to another.
Write the following terms in order from the smallest to the largest structure (in terms of size and complexity). DNA wrapped around histones, DNA molecule/double helix, a single chromosome, duplicated chromosome