Describe the process of protein synthesis

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

Each human being is unique because of small differences in the body’s proteins. These differences are determined by the amino acid sequences of proteins, which, in turn, are determined by genes. Protein synthesis depends on a diet that provides adequate protein and all the essential amino acids. The instructions for making every protein in a person’s body are transmitted by way of the genetic information received at conception. This body of knowledge, which is filed in the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) within the nucleus of every cell, never leaves the nucleus.
Transforming the information in DNA into the appropriate sequence of amino acids needed to make a specific protein requires two major steps. In the first step, known as transcription, a stretch of DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA); in other words, the genetic code is transcribed. Messenger RNA then carries the code across the nuclear membrane into the body of the cell, where it seeks out and attaches itself to one of the ribosomes (a protein-making machine, which is itself composed of RNA and protein). There the second step, known as translation, takes place. Situated on a ribosome, messenger RNA specifies the sequence in which the amino acids line up for the synthesis of a protein. In other words, messenger RNA translates the genetic code to make the new protein.
Other forms of RNA, called transfer RNA (tRNA), collect amino acids from the cell fluid and take them to messenger RNA. Each of the 20 amino acids has a specific transfer RNA. Thousands of transfer RNA, each carrying its amino acid, cluster around the ribosomes, awaiting their turn to unload. When the messenger RNA calls for a specific amino acid, the transfer RNA carrying that amino acid moves into position. Then the next loaded transfer RNA moves into place and then the next and the next. In this way, the amino acids line up in the sequence that is genetically determined, and enzymes bind them together. Finally, the completed protein strand is released, and the transfer RNA are freed to return for another load of amino acids