The nurse suspects cystitis related to a lower urinary tract infection. Which clinical manifestation does the nurse expect the patient to report?
a. Dysuria
b. Flank pain
c. Frequency
d. Fever
ANS: C
Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder; associated symptoms include hematuria, foul-smelling cloudy urine, and urgency/frequency. Dysuria is a common symptom of a lower urinary tract infection (bladder). Flank pain, fever, and chills are all signs of pyelonephritis (upper urinary tract).
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