Identify and briefly explain one biological theory used to explain crime.
What will be an ideal response?
Evolutionary theory views natural selection as producing aggression and point to the way that all animals are capable of being aggressive.
Obstetrics explanations center on the impact of physical anomalies, prenatal health issues such as exposure to nicotine before birth, and birth complications.
Biosocial arguments have been set forth suggesting that those with autonomic nervous system deficits who live in disadvantaged environments are “at the highest risk for antisocial behavior.” A review of 34 studies examining biological influences on antisocial behavior concluded that the joint presence of biological and social risk factors “exponentially increases the risk of antisocial and violent behavior.”
Neurological/neurological theories are supported by research showing that individuals with frontal lobe cortex damage in their brain are more prone to be aggressive and impulsive. Neurological deficits have been identified as “a reasonably well-established” predictor of antisocial behavior.
Lee Ellis proposed evolutionary androgenic theory to explain crimes against persons. The theory proposes that (1) aggressive/criminal behavior “evolved as an aspect of human reproduction” and (2) sex hormones influence brain functions in males in a way that promotes what Ellis refers to as competitive/victimizing behavior.
Hormonal theory points to differences in hormone levels, such as testosterone, and the influence of hormones on behavior. One study found that inmates with higher testosterone levels were more likely to be convicted of violent crimes and they violated more rules while they were incarcerated.
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One view of the Mafia states that violent crime, organized and ruthless, was transplanted to the United States from Sicily
a. True b. False
The concern over officer subjective motivation is not a concern of the Fourth Amendment but the Equal Protection Clause of the _____ Amendment.
A) First B) Fifth C) Ninth D) Fourteenth
The American Bar Association Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility in a formal opinion on Rule 3.8 has noted ______.
a. courts as well as commentators have recognized that the ethical obligation is more demanding than the constitutional obligation b. courts have recognized the need for prosecutors to hide exculpatory evidence in some cases c. commentators recommend that misdemeanor cases revert to a preponderance of the evidence as the burden of proof to speed up the trial process d. that in some circumstances, the defense attorney may break privilege when the attorney clearly knows the defendant is guilty
Using Figures 6.3 and 6.4, determine which of the following is a correct statement regarding Mr. Emerson
a. Mr. Emerson was operating vehicle 1. b. The collision took place at the intersection of North Rd and Mersonville St c. Mr. Emerson was at fault. d. Mr. Emerson was traveling northbound on North Rd.