How can noise and distortion be introduced into a transmission medium? How does a channel's S/N ratio affect the reliability of data transmission?
Noise is introduced by external phenomena, such as electromagnetic interference, or by switches and amplifiers. Noise adds elements to the signals that can be misinterpreted as data or mask the signal's data content. Distortion is introduced by the transmission medium (for example, resonance and attenuation) and alters or masks the signal's content.
Transmission errors increase as the S/N ratio decreases. As the true signal power decreases, the receiver has more difficulty separating it from "false" signal elements (that is, noise and distortion) and,therefore, makes more interpretation errors.
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