During the “tough-on-crime” era, the criminal justice system shifted from ______ to ______.

a. a rehabilitative model; a retributive model
b. a retributive model; a restoration model
c. a deterrent model; a rehabilitative model
d. a restoration model; a deterrent model


a. a rehabilitative model; a retributive model

Criminal Justice

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The Supreme Court ruled in Arizona v. Hicks (1987 ) that Officer Nelson's seizure of the turntable was not justified by the "plain view" exception because he did not have probable cause to believe that the turntable was contraband

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice

The virtual security department is an integral part of the entire enterprise and may be merged with other departments

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice

A definition of gang that includes crime in its' definition is considered a _______ definition

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

Criminal Justice

Which of the following generally are NOT involved in implementing mechanisms that can positively affect police behavior and increase control of police abuses?

A. police agencies B. the courts C. communities D. correctional agencies

Criminal Justice