Compare and contrast endotoxins and exotoxins
What will be an ideal response?
Both endotoxins and exotoxins are produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Exotoxins are also produced by Gram-positive bacteria. Endotoxins and exotoxins differ in their mechanism of release and composition: exotoxins are proteins or peptides that are secreted, leaving the cell intact, whereas endotoxins are lipids released only when the cell dies because they are a part of the outer membrane. The toxicity of exotoxins is higher than that of endotoxins, but both can be fatal. Both are heat stable, but endotoxins can survive an hour of autoclaving at 121°C, whereas exotoxins are not stable above 60°C. Exotoxins produce a strong immune response, and therefore toxoid immunization is possible. Endotoxins produce fever, but only a weak immune response, so toxoid immunization is not an option.
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The fossils of more than 250,000 species have been discovered, suggesting that ________
a. very few fossil species remain to be discovered b. about half of all the organisms that lived on Earth have been described c. the range of biodiversity was quite small during past epochs d. many remain undiscovered and that the fossil record will never be complete
In flowering plants
a. the gametophytes are smaller than the sporophytes and do not nourish themselves. b. the gametophytes are smaller than the sporophytes but are free-living and nourish themselves for most of their lives. c. the gametophytes are usually larger than the sporophytes, but both gametophytes and sporophytes nourish themselves. d. the gametophytes are usually larger than the sporophytes, and the sporophytes grow out of the gametophytes and are nourished by them. e. the gametophytes and sporophytes are roughly equal in size and each nourish themselves.
Microbiome sequencing requires the construction of a genomic library, while whole-genome shotgun sequencing does not.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Orthostatic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of:
A) dehydration. B) fluid overload. C) hypernatremia D) left-sided heart failure.