Cloward and Ohlin argued that the different kinds of illegitimate opportunities available in poor urban neighborhoods lead to three types of criminal subcultures. List the three types of criminal subcultures and provide two to three sentences describing each.
What will be an ideal response?
• Criminal subcultures develop among lower-class adolescent boys in neighborhoods with open illegitimate opportunity structures. These neighborhoods are characterized by systematic, organized crime, and they provide an outlet in illegal employment for youths to attain wealth and “get paid” via illegitimate means.
• Conflict subcultures develop in disorganized communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent and those that exist are closed to adolescents. Such neighborhoods are characterized by social instability, and youth growing up in these conditions are deprived of both conventional (legitimate) and criminal (illegitimate) opportunities.
• Retreatist subcultures are associated with drug use and the drug culture among some lower-class adolescents. Cloward and Ohlin characterized adolescents in retreatist subcultures as “double failures” who cannot find a place for themselves in either criminal or conflict subcultures. While this is closely related to Merton’s concept of retreatists, Cloward and Ohlin directed attention to the social environment and the conditions that help to explain the formation of each type of deviant subculture.
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Match the term or concept with the correct description
1. civil disobedience a. an FBI’s counterintelligence program 2. COINTELPRO b. the result of illegal sale of weapons to fund Nicaraguan rebels 3. espionage c. the deliberate extermination of a group because of its race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality 4. genocide d. toppled the Nixon administration 5. Iran—Contra scandal e. spying on another country 6. political crime f. government rule by terror 7. political violence g. violence against Southern civil rights activists by police, state troopers, and whites 8. state terrorism h. protesters violate a law they consider morally unjust and wait to be arrested 9. treason i. aiding and abetting of a country’s enemy 10. Watergate scandal j. any illegal or socially harmful act aimed at preserving or changing the existing political and social order
The "Schelling incident" is an event that acts to calm a panic
a. True b. False
Repeat ethical offenders sometimes need a sanction that is a stronger deterrent than monetary compensation. What civil solution might appropriately deter future ethical violations?
a. Blacklisting b. Double standard c. Civil fines d. Imprisonment
Schedule _________ controlled substances have the most severe penalties
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).