Internal validity exists when:

a. There is a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
b. Measurement validity is high.
c. Generalizability is high.
d. Both measurement validity and generalizability are high.


a. There is a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

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Common prevention program includes the following topics except ______.

A. self-defense B. bystander intervention C. silent coping D. sexual assault identification

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According to the text, in the twenty-first century, all of the following are known to produce higher global crime except ______.

a. breakdown of political order b. lack of police training c. increase in economic equality d. growing urbanization

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Prevalence times incidence equals:

a. the crime rate. b. the Part II rate. c. the dark figure. d. the Part I rate.

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Community-oriented policing strategies have proven successful in:

a. only cities with a population over 50,000 b. only cities with a population over 100,000 c. only cities with a population over 500,000 d. cities of all sizes

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