In what five ways are the intellectual abilities of adolescents superior to those of children? Explain and give a concrete illustration of each developmental trend.
What will be an ideal response?
There are five chief ways in which the thinking of adolescents is more advanced, more efficient, and more effective than that of children. First, during adolescence individuals become better able to think about what is possible, instead of limiting their thought to what is real or directly observable. Second, adolescents become better able to think about abstract things, rather than being limited to the concrete. Third, during adolescence individuals begin thinking more often about the process of thinking itself. Fourth, adolescents' thinking tends to become multidimensional rather than limited to a single issue. Finally, adolescents are more likely than children to see things as relative rather than absolute.
Key Points:
a) Think about what is possible.
b) Think about abstract concepts.
c) Think about thinking-metacognition.
d) Thinking is multidimensional.
e) See things as relative rather than absolute.
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Higgins's (1989) self-discrepancy theory suggests that we each have an "actual self," an "ought self," and an "ideal self.". According to Higgins, discrepancies between the ____ self and the actual self often lead to low self-esteem and feelings of ____
a. ought? frustration b. ought? shame c. ideal? superiority d. ideal? hostility
A strength of the biological approach is that
A. it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior. B. there seems to be no limit to psychologists' ability to test for biological factors. C. most of its advocates are medical doctors with an interest in treating disease. D. it makes a variety of suggestions for personality change.
Which of the following statements is true of the classic Robber's Cave study by Sherif and Sherif (1967)?
a) It involved subjects sitting around a table judging lines shown on a tablet. b) It showed just how obedient males and females can be when faced with an authority figure. c) It centered around group behaviors, mainly those of social facilitation, social hindrance, and social loafing. d) It demonstrated that when the in-group and out-group mentality develops, prejudice and hostility are likely to follow.
In a multiple baseline design, in order to conclude that a treatment is effective, a behavior change must be observed
A. when a treatment is removed and reintroduced multiple times. B. with multiple participants. C. under multiple circumstances. D. before the manipulation is introduced.