Ventilatory support strategies likely to result in auto-positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) in-clude which of the following?
1. Continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV) assist-control
2. Inverse ratio ventilation (IRV)
3. Low-rate intermittent mandatory ventilation
4. Low inspiratory flows
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 3, and 4 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
ANS: B
High-risk ventilatory support techniques include any method that increases the I:E ratio, espe-cially CMV at a high rate or in the assist-control mode, and approaches that purposefully shorten expiratory time, such as IRV or the use of low inspiratory flow.
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