Newborns are born with innate sensory abilities that they do not have to learn; however, one way they learn about their environment is via which of the following principles first identified by Ivan Pavlov?
A. operant conditioning
B. habituation conditioning
C. modeling
D. classical conditioning
Answer: D
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What did Lev Vygotsky call the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task?
A. metamemory B. transference C. zone of proximal development D. working memory
Bob is sexually attracted to his professor. To deal with these feelings, Bob channels his energy into his homework and study habits. This is an example of the Freudian defense mechanism called:
A. reaction formation B. rationalization C. sublimation D. denial
When geese fly south for the winter they are displaying:
a. an instinct b. a drive c. an emotional response d. a conditioned response
Liam has social anxiety disorder and is very anxious about attending his company's upcoming party. On the day of the party, he sends an email to his boss explaining that he will not be able to attend. As soon as the email is sent, he feels an overwhelming sense of relief and his anxiety quickly resolves. This scenario is an example of
A. negative reinforcement. B. negative punishment. C. positive reinforcement. D. positive punishment.