The following segment of DNA is from a transcribed region of a chromosome. You know that RNA polymerase moves from left to right along this piece of DNA,
that the promoter for this gene is to the left of the DNA shown, and that this entire region of DNA is made into RNA.
5?-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-3?
3?-CCGTACCGTTATAACATCAT-5?
Given this information, a student claims that the RNA produced from this DNA is:
3?-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-5?
Give two reasons why this answer is incorrect.
First, the RNA molecule should have uracil instead of thymine bases. Second, the polarity of the molecule is incorrectly labeled. The correct RNA molecule produced, using the bottom strand of the DNA duplex as a template, would be:
5?-GGCAUGGCAAUAUUGUAGUA-3?
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An avid gardener composts her wastes near the back of her property, away from her house. She moved the compost heap out there because it sometimes heats up enough to smoke. When asked why it heats up so much, she answers, simply, “Because the second law of thermodynamics says so!” How does the second law of thermodynamics explain her compost smoking?
a. Gardeners will often set their compost heaps on fire first to accelerate the rate of decomposition. According to second law of thermodynamics, ash and carbon form and smoke is given off. b. The second law of thermodynamics says that energy in a system is always increasing. This increase in energy includes the energy in compost heaps. As the energy increases, heat is produced. c. The breakdown of compost involves a transformation of energy from chemical bonds in the decomposing organic matter. The second law of thermodynamics says that there is no 100% energy transfer, so some of the energy is lost to the surroundings as heat. d. The gardener is incorrect and her garden compost heap has nothing to do with the second law of thermodynamics.
The muscular ring at the base of the uterus is the ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
________ was the first to isolate a root nodule bacterium capable of nitrogen fixation.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Consider a redox reaction between molecules A and B. Molecule A has a redox potential of –100 mV and molecule B has a redox potential of +100 mV
For the transfer of electrons from A to B, is the ?G° positive or negative or zero? Under what conditions will the reverse reaction, transfer of electrons from B to A, occur?