In a nonequivalent control group design, the most serious threat to internal validity is which of the following?
A) Testing
B) Selection
C) Maturation
D) History
B
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The selection threat reflects biases stemming from preexisting differences between groups. Selection bias is the most challenging threat to the internal validity of studies not using an experimental design (e.g., nonequivalent control group designs, case-control designs), but can be partially addressed using control mechanisms described in the previous section. The history threat is the occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can affect the outcome. The maturation threat arises from processes occurring as a result of time (e.g., growth, fatigue) rather than the independent variable. RCTs have a clear superiority for testing causal hypotheses. Internal validity is the extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is truly causing the outcome.
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