Can a measuring instrument be reliable but not valid? Provide an example.
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer would include the following key points:
- Yes, a measuring instrument, such as a questionnaire, scale, or other device, can be reliable and thus consistently yield the same results but at the same time not measure what it is supposed to measure. Therefore, it would not be valid.
- For example, a clock that is five minutes fast is very reliable; it displays time in a very consistent fashion. However, the clock is not a valid measure of time because it is always five minutes ahead of the actual time. The clock is consistent but not accurate.
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According to the __________ theory of prejudice, outgroups pose not only realistic threats but also psychological and/or symbolic threats.
A. groupthink B. subordinate cooperation C. intragroup satiation D. intergroup threat
Cross-cultural research on facial expressions has shown that ____
a. ?anger and fear are expressed in very similar ways across cultures, but that happiness is expressed somewhat differently from culture to culture b. ?even though there are slight variations in the facial expression of emotions across cultures, judges make virtually no errors in their judgments of emotion from the facial expressions of others c. ?people of all cultures use the same muscles in the same ways when expressing different emotions d. ?just as slightly different dialects occur within the same language, so slightly different facial expressions occur for the same emotions across different cultures
According to the text, resilience is promoted by ____ that enable adolescents to overcome risk elements, or factors that may impeded or stifle their success in life
a. imposing factors b. buffering factors c. inoculating factors d. protective factors
Research by Chi with child chess experts and adult chess novices has shown that
a. knowledge within a particular area does not influence memory performance. b. adults' memories are better than children's even when children have expert knowledge in a particular area. c. knowledge in a particular area organizes and gives meaning to new information. d. child chess experts could not remember more chess pieces than adult chess novices.