Describe what measurement equivalence is and how it can be established in performance appraisal systems.
What will be an ideal response?
We should expect that the construct underlying the measure used should be equivalent across raters (measurement equivalence). In other words, does the underlying trait measured across sources relate to observed rating scale scores in the same way across sources? In general, it does not make sense to assess the extent of interrater agreement without first establishing measurement equivalence. Several methods exist for this purpose, including those based on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and item-response theory (Barr & Raju, 2003; Cheung & Rensvold, 1999, 2002; Maurer et al., 1998; Vandenberg, 2002). For this purpose, raters may use a hybrid multitrait–multirater analysis (see Figure 5.1), in which raters make evaluations only on those dimensions that they are in good position to rate (Borman, 1974) and that reflect measurement equivalence. In the hybrid analysis, within-level interrater agreement is taken as an index of convergent validity. CFA allows researchers to specify each performance dimension as a latent factor and assess the extent to which these factors are correlated with each other. In addition, CFA allows for an examination of the relationship between each latent factor and its measures, as provided by each source (e.g., supervisor, peer, self). One advantage of using a CFA approach to examine ratings from multiple sources is that it allows for a better understanding of source-specific method variance.
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a. publication b. intent c. actual malice d. per quod
A bankruptcy petition preparer (BPP):
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Which case involving the University of Michigan established that graduate and law school admissions cannot use numeric-based systems for preferential selection?
A. Grutter v. Bollinger B. Griggs v. Duke Power Company C. Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson D. Vance v. Ball State University
Words and phrases indexes:
a. Include definitions, explanations, and analysis of legal subjects, objects, and actions, referenced by court cases that either legally defined or analyzed its content and legal applicability. b. Provide extra commentary on exactly what is included under a specific heading. c. Usually provide just a topical overview of the book's content and presentation. d. Can be used with the known authority research method, so the researcher can build case upon case.