What is a Nash equilibrium? Is this equilibrium the best outcome for the players? Give an example
What will be an ideal response?
John Nash proposed the concept of an equilibrium in a game where each player takes the best possible action given the action of other players. A Nash equilibrium is not necessarily the best one for the players. This can be seen in the prisoners' dilemma. Typically the prisoners' dilemma is a game where two prisoners are given rules and payoffs to encourage them to confess to a crime. The prisoners, acting in their own self-interest, confess to the crime to minimize their jail time and so confession is the Nash equilibrium. But if the players can communicate with each other, they can improve their position. If they can communicate, they both deny the crime and so both wind up doing less time in jail.
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In the aggregate expenditures model, we note that an increase in government purchases G and an increase in lump-sum taxes T of the same amount will have
A. essentially the same effect on equilibrium real GDP, both in magnitude and in direction. B. different effects on real GDP, with the change in G having a larger impact than the change in T. C. the same magnitudes of impact on equilibrium real GDP, though in opposite directions. D. different effects on real GDP, with the change in T having a larger impact than the change in G.
If consumers reduced their spending, what would happen to the interest rate and investment?
Many nations are consistently accused of enjoying the benefits of membership in the United Nations, yet they provide few or no funds to support the organization. This is an example of
A) the principle of rival consumption. B) the free-rider problem. C) the negative externality problem. D) the property rights problem.
The money supply is
A. the amount of money in circulation. B. the rate at which the Federal Reserve Board creates money. C. limited to currency and coins. D. the rate at which the Federal Reserve Board prints currency.