The home health nurse recognizes uremic signs in a patient with chronic renal failure, which include: (Select all that apply.)
a. restless legs syndrome.
b. dry, scaly skin.
c. urea crystals in eyebrows.
d. muscle cramps.
e. hypotension.
A, B, C, D
Uremia or uremic syndrome includes the clinical signs and symptoms that affect the entire body during end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Uremia signs generally appear when blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration passes 100 mg/dL. The skin becomes dry, scaly, and a pallid yellowish gray. Pruritus (severe itching) occurs. Uremic frost (a late sign) appears as evaporated sweat leaves urea crystals on the eyebrows. Calcium is not absorbed from the intestinal tract, and this leads to the loss of calcium from the body and a corresponding drop in serum calcium. If the hypocalcemia is not corrected, the patient will eventually suffer from muscle cramps, twitching, and possibly seizures. Complaints about restless legs syndrome are frequent, and the leg discomfort may interfere with sleep. The patient is usually hypertensive rather than hypotensive.
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