In the dark, the Na+ channels in the outer segments of rod cells are

A. open.
B. closed.
C. primarily affected by inhibitory neurotransmitter input.
D. important in making the cell hyperpolarized in this resting state.


A. open

Biology & Microbiology

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A stroke volume of 70 mL/cycle in a heart with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute results in a cardiac output of about _____

A) 5 liters per minute B) 50 milliliters per minute C) 0.5 liters per minute D) 50 liters per minute E) 500 liters per minute

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The ________ is the tube that conducts sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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Why have tomatoes been genetically modified?

A) to improve absorption of vitamins in the human body B) to grow rapidly before temperatures fall below freezing C) to kill insect pests on contact D) to have a longer shelf life in grocery stores

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Which of the following genera contains spherical-shaped bacteria?

a. Escherichia b. Bacillus c. Micrococcus d. Borrelia e. Treponema

Biology & Microbiology