What is the purpose of cyclic electron flow?
a. to prevent the formation of NADPH and excessive reactive oxygen species
b. to prevent the loss of light energy when the ATP production pathway is saturated
c. to ensure that all of the energy harvested by the sun is converted into ATP
d. to protect the cell when CO2 is unavailable and the Calvin cycle is not operating
e. to increase the net production of ATP in times when CO2 is unavailable
ANSWER: a
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Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)
1. During their diastole, the heart chambers are contracting. 2. The epithelium lining the circulatory system is termed endothelium. 3. The walls of veins tend to be thicker and more elastic than those of comparably sized arteries. 4. "Vasodilation" refers to a decrease in arteriole diameter.
It is estimated that humans can produce over 1.5 million different types of antibodies. Which of the following statements regarding this extraordinary variation is INCORRECT?
A. We inherit over 1.5 million different and distinct immunoglobulin genes from our parents at fertilization. B. V and J domains of antibody light chains are randomly joined. C. Random segments of DNA can be removed from antibody genes. D. V and J domains of antibody heavy chains are randomly joined. E. Cytosines in the variable regions of antibody genes can be converted to uracils via hypermutation.
Excessive sodium intake can lead to:
a. poor absorption of amino acids b. loss of vitamins in food sources c. high blood pressure d. excess calorie intake e. high cholesterol levels
A steer must eat at least 100 pounds of grain to gain less than 10 pounds of muscle tissue. This illustrates
A) the first law of thermodynamics. B) the second law of thermodynamics. C) that some energy is destroyed in every energy conversion. D) that energy transformations are typically 100% efficient.