Explain the factors that affect cardiac output. In your answer provide one example of a positive inotropic agent and one example of a positive chronotropic agent. For each of those examples, explain what specifically happens to the cells of the heart when they have their effect.
What will be an ideal response?
CO = SV × HR, so a positive inotropic agent increases calcium levels in the muscle cells. A positive chronotropic agent usually causes the SA node to reach threshold more quickly.
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