Explain five (5) of the seven (7) propositions of differential reinforcement theory.
What will be an ideal response?
1) Criminal behavior is learned through operant conditioning; 2) criminal behavior is learned both in nonsocial situations and through social interaction; 3) the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs in those groups that comprise the individual’s major source of reinforcements; 4) learning criminal behavior is a function of the effective and available reinforcers and the existing reinforcement contingencies; 5) the specific class of behaviors which are learned and their frequency of occurrence are a function of the reinforcers that are effective and available, and the rules or norms by which these reinforcers are applied; 6) criminal behavior is a function of norms that are discriminative for criminal behavior, the learning of which takes place when such behavior is more highly reinforced than noncriminal behavior; 7) the strength of criminal behavior is a direct function of the amount, frequency, and probability of its reinforcement.
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In the statement, "an increase in the length of prison sentences for murderers would reduce the incident of murder in society" the length of sentence is a (an) _________
a. concept b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. spurious variable e. experimental variable
Definitions of deviance are relative to all of the following except for ______.
a. time b. place c. person d. crime
New alternative programs are filled with people who formerly would have been placed _____________.
A. on regular probation B. in prison C. in shock incarceration D. on parole
What are two types of applied research?
a. evaluation and problem analysis b. descriptive research and evaluation c. explanatory research and descriptive research d. explanatory research and problem analysis