Briefly describe the gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, and closure.
What will be an ideal response?
Students' answers may vary.
The answer should include the following information:
Gestalt principle of similarity: Elements that are similar in appearance we perceive as grouped together.
Gestalt principle of proximity: Elements that are close together are grouped together. A drawing might show pairs of dots, such as (.. .. ..). Such a figure would be seen as three pairs of dots, rather than as six unevenly spaced dots.
Gestalt principle of closure: Elements are grouped to form complete or enclosed patterns rather than open ones
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In one of the earliest social psychological experiments, Triplett (1898) had children wind fishing reels as quickly as they could. He found that
a. the children were fastest when observed by the experimenter. b. winding times were faster without an audience than with an audience. c. the children were faster when working next to another child rather than alone. d. the children were faster working alone than with a partner.
In behavior modification, operant conditioning involves the manipulation of ____________ and respondent conditioning involves the manipulation of ____________
a. consequences; antecedent stimuli b. antecedent stimuli; consequences c. causes; effects d. effects; causes
Which major type of schizophrenia has become rare in Europe and North America?
a. disorganized schizophrenia b. catatonic schizophrenia c. paranoid schizophrenia d. undifferentiated schizophrenia
A relatively weak and rhythmic type of crying by infants signals
a. pain. c. hunger. b. anger. d. attention seeking.