The most harmful consequence of environmental abuse is
A. acid rain.
B. contaminated drinking water.
C. global climate change.
D. pesticides.
C. global climate change.
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All of the following reasons contribute to the current low usages of cytokine therapy in medicine EXCEPT
A. Cytokines have a short half-life, usually less than 10 min. B. Cytokines may be bound by soluble receptors and never reach their target cell. C. Cytokine injections often cause an allergic reaction because rabbits make the perfect cytokine factory. D. Cytokines may result in an unexpected or overly powerful immune response. E. Cytokines must be given multiple times on a specific schedule.
In terms of V, D, and J segment arrangement, the T-cell receptor ?-chain locus resembles the immunoglobulin _______ locus, whereas the T-cell receptor ?-chain locus resembles the immunoglobulin _______ locus:
a. ? light chain; ? light chain b. heavy chain; ? light chain c. ? light chain; heavy chain d. ? light chain; heavy chain e. ? light chain; ? light chain.
The reason that vaccines against influenza must be administered annually, unlike vaccines against measles, is _____
a. the antigens that stimulate protection against influenza virus are inside the virion and not on the surface b. influenza is an RNA virus with a higher mutation rate c. influenza stimulates T-independent responses that fail to generate memory cells d. the polysaccharide antigens of influenza stimulate poor immune responses.
Failure of blood cell production due to absence of formation of cells in the bone marrow:
a. Pernicious anemia b. Iron deficiency anemia c. Aplastic anemia d. Hemolytic anemia e. Thalassemia