Explain what feature of B cells makes them useful as professional antigen-presenting cells in an immune response
What will be an ideal response?
B cells are armed with cell-surface immunoglobulin that binds with a very high degree of specificity to intact pathogen moieties. Once bound, the immunoglobulin:native antigen complex is internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and the pathogen is degraded within endocytic vesicles. Pathogen-derived peptides from this degraded material bind to MHC class II molecules within the endocytic vesicles and are subsequently presented on the cell surface to CD4 T cells.
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Most alcoholics are found:
(a) on skid row (b) in the elderly (c) among females (d) in all economic levels
Which of the following statements is true of muscle atrophy?
A. The greatest muscle atrophy occurs in the fast-twitch fibers. B. A muscle that is immobilized in a lengthened position tends to atrophy less. C. Isometric contraction and electrical stimulation of muscles causes muscle atrophy. D. A muscle that is immobilized in a shortened position gains contractile function.
All of the following are true about linear gingival erythema EXCEPT one. Which one is the exception?
- Associated with severe pain - May appear in clean-looking mouth - Does not respond well to conventional therapy - Chlorhexidine rinses are used as an adjunct to periodontal debridement
In negative feedback, the response of the system is
A. opposite to that of the stimulus. B. to increase the gain of the receptor. C. to modify the receptor's response to the stimulus. D. to increase the stimulus.