Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. National Security Agency whistleblower Edward Snowden had to smuggle all of the secret documents he stole out of the office in a series of boxes filled with paper files.
2. Canadian economist Harold Innis argues that any given medium has a bias of lasting a long time or of being easy to distribute.
3. Cable news channels are as likely to report about crime affecting poor African American women and girls as they are about crime affecting wealthy White women and girls.
4. Prior to the 19th century, most people in Europe and North America lived in communities where their neighbors were from similar ethnic and religious backgrounds.
5. The direct effects model of media effects presumes that messages have a direct and predictable effect on audience members exposed to the message.


1. False
2. True
3. False
4. True
5. True

Communication & Mass Media

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