What explanation is generally offered for why countries like Australia have voter turnout rates in excess of ninety percent?
a. They have higher levels of education and a more informed electorate.
b. Citizens who fail to vote can be fined or jailed.
c. The frontier experience created a political culture with a high degree of civic engagement.
d. The requirement to pay dues to a political party makes people highly invested in the political process.
e. Their work forces are highly unionized and the unions facilitate voter turnout.
B
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