What is our current understanding of preoperational thinking based on follow-up studies to Piaget’s work?
What will be an ideal response?
When tasks and/or instructions are simplified, children as young as 4 can engage in logical thinking, and children as young as 3 are not as egocentric.
Young children can distinguish appearance from reality by age 3, contrary to Piaget’s views.
However, under confusing or demanding conditions (as on the conservation task), young children fall back on more simplistic thinking an make the errors Piaget described.
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Recent research suggests that young infants may imitate the facial expressions of adults
a. because they have been classically conditioned to do so. b. only as a result of being repeatedly reinforced for engaging in such behavior. c. only when they are very hungry and highly aroused. d. as a way to help them identify and communicate with the model.
What is Carol Ryff's model of psychological well-being (PWB)?
What will be an ideal response?
While watching Survivor on television, you realize that the participants cannot worry about creating alliances or making worthy contributions until they have first secured a source of food and shelter. This phenomenon is explained best by __________ theory of motivation.
A. Maslow's hierarchy of needs B. the opponent process C. the incentive D. the arousal
Cognition does NOT involve __________
a. reflexes b. mental activities c. perceiving d. understanding