Outcomes research in a hospital could address interactions among which of the following general groups of variables? (Select all that apply.)
a. Those that existed prior to treatment, such as narrative health histories
b. Those that reflect surroundings, such as the size of family waiting rooms
c. Those that reflect perceived outcome, such as quality of life
d. Those that pertain to staff, such as levels of education and training
e. Those that reflect physical outcome, such as patient survival
ANS: B, C, D, E
Outcomes research focuses on the end results of patient care. For such research, items in the hospital database would be logical variables. Donabedian (1987) identified three objects to evaluate when appraising quality: structure, process, and outcome. Individual health histories are difficult to retrieve from a database and not in a form in which they can be analyzed. Size of waiting room, and staff levels of education and training, are structural variables. Quality of life and patient survival are outcome variables.
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