Describe the ways that opioids act on reward circuitry.
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: Opioids produce reinforcing effects by acting on dopamineand GABA neurons in either the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens. (1) This occurs through an opioid’s activation of opioid receptors on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area, causing reduced GABA release and reduced activation of GABA receptors on dopamine neurons. (2) This in turn increases the activity of dopamine neurons. (3) This causes increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, an action that increases reinforcing effects. (4) An opioid’s activation of opioid receptors on nucleus
accumbens GABA neurons causes a reduction in GABA neuron activity, an action associated with increased reinforcing effects.
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For premature or low-birth-weight babies, breastfeeding __________.
A. should be avoided owing to their immature digestive systems B. has even greater short-term benefits than it does for full-term babies C. has about the same short-term benefits as bottle feeding D. creates problems in physical growth and weight gain
Discuss the factors that can influence more positive outcomes for children with ADHD
What will be an ideal response?
If an organism has developed a cognitive map of a maze, it is an indication of ____
a. ?operant conditioning b. ?latent learning c. ?classical conditioning d. ?positive reinforcement
When Melissa's husband tells her it bothers him that she goes out to dinner with her previous boyfriends without him, she deflects his complaint and presents herself as the victim. She says that he must not trust her and points out how painful it is to not be trusted. She uses this pattern a lot when her husband tries to express a concern. Melissa is engaged in which type of negative behavior?
a. Criticism b. Stonewalling c. Contempt d. Defensiveness