Melissa is a 15-year-old high school student. Over the last week, she had been feeling tired and found it difficult to stay awake in class. By the time the weekend had arrived, she developed a sore throat that made it difficult to eat and even drink
Melissa was too tired to get out of bed, and she said her head ached. On Monday morning, her mother took her to her doctor. Upon completing the physical exam, he told Melissa the lymph nodes were enlarged in her neck and she had a fever. He ordered blood tests and told Melissa he thought she had mononucleosis, a viral infection requiring much bed rest.
Innate and adaptive immune defenses work collectively in destroying invasive microorganisms. What is the interaction between macrophages and T lymphocytes during the presentation of antigen?
Melissa's illness is caused by a virus. Where are type I interferons produced, and why are they important in combating viral infections?
Humoral immunity involves the activation of B lymphocytes and production of antibodies. What are the general mechanisms of action that make antibodies a key component of an immune response?
Macrophages are a component of innate immunity and are responsible for the phagocytosis of microbes and processing of antigen. When working with T lymphocytes, macrophages can act as antigen-presenting cells. After ingesting the microbe, digestive enzymes break down antigen into small peptides and combine them with class II MHC. These complexes are presented on the cell membrane surface to CD4+ helper T cells, which recognize the antigen-MHC II complex by means of a T-cell receptor.
Type I interferons are produced by macrophages and fibroblasts. They inhibit viral replication and allow a virally infected cell to be recognized by lymphocytes. IFNs are also responsible for triggering uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins to inhibit viral synthesis and spread.
Antibodies contribute to the agglutination of microbes to prevent their spread, facilitate phagocytosis, and encourage their destruction. They have the ability to neutralize bacterial toxins and inhibit the ability of viruses to invade host cells. Antibodies also contribute to the activation of complement and assist in the adherence of antigen to immune cells.
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A professor has taught the class about giant cell bone tumors. Which statement by a student would require the professor to review the material?
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