What was the nature of the relationship between the papacy and the monarchy in medieval Europe?
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
a. Popes and kings were locked in a struggle for power, with popes claiming authority in the temporal world and kings encroaching on the prerogatives of the Church.
b. The Investiture Controversy pitted Pope Gregory VII against the German emperor Henry IV.
c. What started out as a dispute over the appointment of the bishop of Milan in 1076 escalated into a showdown between the pope and the emperor. The emperor demanded that the pope resign; in response, the pope deposed and excommunicated the emperor.
d. In 1122, the Concordat of Worms finally resolved the Investiture Controversy by upholding the emperor's prerogative to nominate candidates for church offices but limiting the right to invest those candidates with their offices to the pope. This gave the pope the final say in who would be part of the Church hierarchy.
e. The political power of the papacy grew under Innocent III. He established the Papal State, which gave the papacy a territorial base of support similar to that of monarchs. He controlled the election of the Holy Roman Emperor, used excommunication and the interdict to make rulers comply with his demands, and turned most European rulers into papal vassals.
f. The papacy lost ground to the monarchy under Boniface VIII. Boniface's attempt to expand papal authority with the Unam Sanctum backfired when the French king Philip IV had the pope arrested for heresy.
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