Leininger (1991) identified three nursing decision and action modes to achieve culturally congruent care. These modes are "cultural care preservation or maintenance," "cultural care accommodation," and "cultural care repatterning."
When assessing patients during the admission process, the nurse utilizes
a. These action modes in a distinct order.
b. These action modes individually, one at a time.
c. Only one action mode per patient.
d. All these action modes simultaneously.
ANS: D
Nurses are able to use any or all of these action modes simultaneously. These actions require that nurses have knowledge of the patient's culture and have the willingness, commitment, and skills to work with patients and families in decision making. The outcome sought through these actions and decisions is meaningful, supportive, and facilitative care as judged by the patient.
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