Explain the difference between reliability and validity. Why is it important for a measurement instrument to have both?
What will be an ideal response?
Validity--a measure is valid when it is measuring exactly what it is supposed to measure; face validity; content validity; criterion validity; concurrent validity; predictive validity; construct validity; discriminant validity; reliability--a measurement procedure yields consistent scores when the phenomenon being measured is not changing; test–retest reliability; intrarater reliability; interitem reliability; alternate-forms reliability; split-half reliability; interobserver reliability; a researcher cannot really measure a phenomenon if the measure being used gives inconsistent results and cannot be replicated
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Why are bureaucracies essential?
A) They fulfill the government's promises to provide programs and services the public expects. B) To enforce laws C) To distribute checks from the government D) To operate schools E) All of the above
Nigeria is bordered by a. Benin, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon
b. Benin, Niger, Chad, and the Congo. c. Ghana, Niger, Chad, and Sudan. d. Botswana, Niger, Chad, and Ghana. e. the Ivory Coast, Niger, Chad, and Botswana.
Policy debates are more likely to be adversarial if protagonists’ positions are shaped by ____________ differences
a. Political.
b. Economic.
c. Historical.
d. Ideological.
How many electoral votes are currently needed to elect the president and vice-president?
a. 240 b. 270 c. 300 d. 420 e. 470