The following cytokines activate NK cells early in the course of a viral infection with the exception of _____
a. IFN-alpha
b. IFN-eta
c. IFN-gamma
d. IL-12
e. IL-15.
A. (i) One subpopulation of NK cells is committed to killing virus-infected cells so as to interfere with virus replication and intercellular spread. They are the most abundant subpopulation in the blood, making up 90% of circulating NK cells, and express fewer CD56 molecules on their cell surface (CD56dim) than does the other circulating subpopulation. (ii) The other subpopulation serves to maintain and exacerbate the inflammatory state in infected tissue by secreting inflammatory cytokines that activate resident macrophages. They comprise the remaining ~10% of circulating NK cells, and express higher numbers of CD56 molecules on their cell surface (CD56bright).
B. In other tissues, the situation is reversed, with CD56bright cells predominating. In addition, in the uterus there exists a specialized subpopulation of NK cells called uterine NK cells (uNK), which comprise the predominant leukocytes in this tissue. They are essential to the provision of growth factors needed for expansion of maternal blood vessels to ensure that the placenta and fetus are supplied adequately with oxygen during pregnancy.
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