Psychologists use the term encoding to refer to the processes that determine and control:
a. how memories are maintained over time
b. the acquisition of memories
c. how memories are translated into performance
d. how incoming information is arranged into meaningful patterns
B
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Babies of fathers who smoke have higher rates of birth defects, infant mortality, and cardiovascular problems. This may be due to
a. the production of abnormal sperm. b. the effects of second-hand smoke. c. decreased endorphin production in the fetus. d. increased thyroid hormone production in the fetus.
Dr. Smalley is conducting research on a new high blood pressure drug. He assigns patients to three groups: one group gets the new drug, one receives a placebo; and the third group gets a drug that is the standard drug to treat high blood pressure. But Dr. Smalley and his patients do not know who is receiving what treatment. This is an example of a:
A. randomized Latin squares design B. repeated measures design C. double-blind design D. stratified sample design
One major difference between the study of expertise and the study of creativity is that
a. there is no sound method for measuring creativity. b. creative solutions must be novel, as well as useful. c. examples facilitate creative solutions more than the development of expertise. d. All of these
Reinforcement is the means by which experience alters the environmental guidance of
behavior, whereas sensitivity to reinforcement is a product of a. shaping. b. classical conditioning. c. operant conditioning. d. natural selection. e. temporal contiguity.