What is the proton-motive force?

a. the force needed to move protons into the inner mitochondrial space
b. the amount of energy required to protonate a glucose molecule
c. the free energy associated with the removal of hydrogen from NADH
d. the combination of a proton and voltage gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
e. the synthesis of ATP from a proton gradient


ANSWER: d

Biology & Microbiology

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