How did Islam persecute those who practiced other religions within their territories? Were these punishments successful in eradicating these religions from Muslim territories? Why or why not?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Islam's persecution of other religions
1. ruler's goal was to create a climate of prejudice in favor of Islam among elites
2. mild persecution could exert considerable pressure
a. Caliph Umar II
1. tried to exclude Christians and Jews from public offices
2. forbade them to build places of worship or lift their voices in prayer
3. had to wear distinctive clothing and were forbidden saddles for their horses
4. if a Muslim killed a Christian, his penalty was only a fine
5. Christians could not give valid testimony against Muslims in legal cases
3. caliphs sporadically renewed persecution
a. Caliph Harun al-Rashid
1. ordered all churches on the frontiers of his empire demolished
b. Caliph al-Mutawakkil
1. ordered that Christian and Jewish graves should be level with the ground
4. main form of discrimination was the tax system
B. Complete irradication was not aim of persecution
1. Muslim conquests were vast, and the conquerors relatively few in number
a. rulers could not exclude infidels from positions of authority
b. eighth- and ninth-century caliphates would have been understaffed without the services of Christians and Jews in the rest of the Middle East, or of Zoroastrians in Persia in administrative positions
2. conquered societies were slow to become Islamized due to Islam's tolerance of other religions
a. Christian minorities have survived in Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and, Lebanon to this day
You might also like to view...
Why was the seventeenth-century Chesapeake politically unstable?
A. The governments of Virginia and Maryland were dominated by immigrants who had no strong ties to each other or to their respective colonies. B. Few settlers cared about becoming politically involved. C. Parliament continually interfered in the governing of the Chesapeake colonies. D. Most settlers questioned the legitimacy of the colonial governments of Virginia and Maryland.
What new methods of hunting or food production were introduced by Europeans to Native Americans in North America?
a. the use of domesticated plants for agriculture b. a focus on the hunting of beaver c. the use of steel knives d. the tapping of maple trees for syrup
Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?
A) Baron Paul d'Holbach B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau C) Denis Diderot D) Francois Quesnay E) Voltaire
A description of a Chinese ship would include which of the following?
a. wooden decks. b. multiple levels. c. individual compartments with doors. d. staterooms with lavatories. e. all of these choices.