According to James Madison, political parties were ______.
a. the organizations that would link citizens to government
b. a dangerous version of factions
c. not likely to become influential until after the writers of the Constitution died
d. the organizations that would potentially develop policy agendas for the new American democracy
e. unlikely to become influential in American politics
b. a dangerous version of factions
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Single-subject designs are useful when
A) we want an intensive study of an individual. B) we do not wish to make inferences about a population. C) we want to limit the conclusions to the individual. D) All of the above
The so-called iron triangle includes executive bureaucrats, lobbyists, and __________.
A. interest groups B. congressional committees C. political parties D. the military
It is so difficult for Congress to pass laws because ______.
a. a bill can be defeated at many points in the process b. of the sheer size of the institution c. of the rivalry that exists between the House and the Senate d. of the lack of legislative leadership demonstrated by recent presidents e. passing a bill is costly
Naturalistic observation and case-study research allow us to
A) identify contingencies B) prove causality C) manipulate the independent variable D) rule out alternative hypotheses.